What Is Canine Parvovirus

Canine parvovirus type two first appeared in the late nineteen seventies and quickly spread worldwide. The virus targets cells that divide fast inside the small intestine and bone marrow, leading to tissue damage and a sharp drop in white blood cells. Young dogs from six weeks to six months face the greatest danger, yet any dog without protection can become sick.

How the Virus Spreads

Sick dogs shed billions of viral particles in stool. The virus survives for many months on yards, sidewalks, and kennel surfaces, and it resists heat, cold, and many common cleaners. Shoes, hands, and car tires easily carry it from place to place, so direct nose to nose contact is not required for infection.

Why Parvovirus Is Dangerous

• Bloody diarrhea and vomiting cause rapid fluid and protein loss
• Bone marrow suppression weakens the immune response
• Secondary bacteria pass through the damaged gut wall into the blood
• Left untreated, death can occur within two days after first signs

Early Signs to Watch

• Lethargy and loss of appetite
• Fever or low body temperature
• Persistent vomiting with a foul smell
• Watery or bloody diarrhea that quickly becomes red brown
• Dehydration shown by sticky gums and sunken eyes

Treatment

No medicine kills the virus itself, so care supports the dog until the immune system clears the infection.

• Intravenous fluids with electrolytes to correct shock
• Broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent sepsis
• Antiemetic drugs to stop vomiting and protect the esophagus
• Early enteral nutrition through a feeding tube once vomiting eases
• Strict isolation to protect other dogs and reduce stress

Prevention

Vaccination is highly effective. Puppies receive doses at six or eight, twelve, and sixteen weeks of age with a booster at one year, then every three years or as advised by a veterinarian. Keep puppies at home or in clean yards until at least one week after the final shot. Clean contaminated areas with a bleach solution made with one part bleach and thirty two parts water, letting surfaces stay wet for ten minutes.

When to See a Veterinarian

Any puppy that vomits more than once or shows bloody stool needs immediate evaluation. Adult dogs that miss boosters should visit the clinic if parvovirus has been reported in the neighborhood or if they will enter a boarding kennel.

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References

1. VCA Animal Hospitals. Canine Parvovirus Infection in Dogs.
2. American Veterinary Medical Association. Canine Parvovirus.
3. Merck Veterinary Manual. Canine Parvovirus.
4. North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Canine Parvovirus Research.